الطلاق البائن - Divorce Irrévocable - Irrevocable Divorce

الطلاق البائن هو الذي لا يحق للزوج أن يرتجع المطلقة بعده إلا برضاها وبعقد جديد والطلاق البائن أقسام: منها أن يطلق الرجل زوجته قبل الدخول بها لقول الله تعالى: ( يا يها الذين آمنوا إذا نكحتم المومنات ثم طلقتموهن من قبل أن تمسوهن فما لكم عليهن من عدة تعتدونها فمتعوهن وسرحوهن سراحا جميلا ) الأحزاب49، وإذا انتفت العدة انتفت الرجعة. ومنها أن يحصل سبب تستحق الزوجة به الخيار فتختار نفسها بطلاق بائن لأنه لو مكن الزوج من حق الارتجاع لما كان هناك معني لتخييرها. ومنها أن يطلق الزوج زوجته الطلقة الثالثة وفي هذه الحالة لا تحل له حتى تنكح زوجا غيره نكاحا صحيحا يطأها فيه لقول الله تعالى: ( فإن طلقها فلا تحل له من بعد حتى تنكح زوجا غيره ) إلى آخر الآية والمراد هنا بالطلاق الطلقة الثالثة كما يدل عليه سياق الآيات التي قبل هذه الآية. ومنها أن يطلق الحاكم على الزوج زوجته لغير ايلاء ولا عسر بالنفقة …إلى غير ذلك.

 

Le divorce irrévocable (bâ’in) ( بائن )

Article 789: Le divorce bâ’in (irrévocable) est un divorce en vertu duquel le mari n’a pas le droit de reprendre son ex-épouse sans conclure un nouveau contrat de mariage. Ce divorce est de six sortes:

I. Le divorce d’une femme n’ayant pas atteint l’âge de neuf ans accomplis;

II. Le divorce d’une femme ménopausée;

III. Le divorce d’une femme qui n’a pas eu des rapports sexuels avec son mari après la conclusion du contrat de mariage;

IV. Le divorce d’une femme dont le mari a divorcé d’avec elle pour la troisième fois;

V. Le divorce dit de Khul‘ ou khul‘î et le divorce dit de mubârât, qui seront expliqués dans les paragraphes suivants;

VI. Le divorce fait par l’intervention du mujtahid (autorité religieuse compétente), lorsque le mari refuse et d’entretenir sa femme et d’en divorcer.

Three talaqs

(As laid down in 2:228-232 & 65:1-4)

It is only after the failure of the aforementioned four attempts at reconciliation that the Quran allows the first talaq to be pronounced followed by a waiting period called the iddah. Not more than two divorces can be pronounced within this period, the duration of which is three monthly courses (as per 2:228-229). For women who have attained menopause or suffer from amenorrhea the period of iddah is three months, and in the case of pregnant women it is till the termination of pregnancy (65:4).

And if the parties are unable to unite during iddah as envisaged by verse 2:228, the final irrevocable talaq can be pronounced, but only after the expiry of the iddah (2:231). Once the final talaq has been invoked the marital bond is severed and the parties cease to be of any relation to each other. However, even after iddah has lapsed, the Quran offers the contending parties a chance to reunite, provided the final talaq has not been pronounced. It says, “When you divorce women and they complete their term (iddah), do not prevent them from marrying their husbands if they mutually agree on equitable terms” (2:232). In other words, after the expiry of iddah, as per verses 2:231 & 232, the parties are given the options of remarriage and permanent separation- the separation being the third and the final irrevocable talaq to be pronounced in the presence of two witnesses (65:2).

Thus, it can be summarised from the above discussion that after four serious attempts at reconciliation a Muslim husband is permitted to divorce his wife once or twice within the period of iddah to resume conjugal relations without having to undergo the procedure of remarriage. After the expiry of iddah he can either re-contract the marriage on fresh and mutually agreeable terms or irrevocably divorce her by pronouncing the third and the final talaq. It is understood here that the woman cannot be left hanging without either being united with her husband or irrevocably divorced. The parties have to decide one way or the other within a reasonable period of time. This is clearly implied in the verse 2:231 which says “but do not take them back to hurt them or to take undue advantage. If anyone does this he wrongs himself.”

However, to emphasise the sanctity of the marriage tie and the enormity of breaking it for frivolous reasons, the Quran warns that once the parties choose to separate after the expiry of the iddah, they cannot entertain hopes of marrying again unless the wife takes another husband and he divorces her (2:230). It is understood here that a divorce may result only if the new husband has serious differences with his wife, and in the rare event of such differences cropping up, he is required to follow the Quranic procedure of divorce as discussed above.