UN MANUAL FOR ARABIC TRANSLATOR.

أولا: سمات اللغة المستخدمة فى الأمم المتحدة



نتحدث هنا عن اللغتين المصدر والهدف معا فالسمات المنطبقة في الأصل على اللغة المصدر المنقول منها تنطبق علي اللغة الهدف المنقول اليها مع مراعاة بعض الإختلاف الذى قد يفرضه تنوع مفردات لغة عن أخرى وغيره من التراكيب وما شابه.



السمات:(UN styles)



_عند الترجمة إلي العربية نستخدم لغة عربية فصيحة جدا(a highly formal language).



_ مراعاة حروف الجر(propositions) وعلامات الترقيم (Punctuations) بدقة متناهية.



_ التقيد إلى اقصى حد بالتلازم اللفظى وهو مايعرف أيضا بالتناغم اللفظى (collocations).



_ نستخدم فى العربية جمعي المؤنث و المذكر السالمين ولا نستخدم جمع التكسير مطلقا.



_الحفاظ على الترابط الداخلي للجملة وذلك باستخدام أدوات الربط.



_معظم الجمل فى لغة الأمم المتحدة هى جمل تشبه القرار فى بنائها(resolution-like-sentence)

ملامح وثيقة الأمم المتحدة:




1-تبدأ الوثيقة بمايسمى بالترويسة (chapeaux): ويجب أن يوضع تحتها خط وأن تنتهي بفاصلة.




2- الديباجة (preamble) : يتعين فى الديباجة أن يكون الفعل تحته خط, وأن ينتهي فى الإنجليزية ب(ING) ويترجم إلى العربية إما مفعولا لأجله مثل (إدراكاً, إعترافاً) أو الصيغة المكونة من إذ + الفعل المضارع مثل: إذ تدرك, إذ تسلم, وهكذا. ينتهي جزء الديباجة بالفاصلة المنقوطة: ( ؛ ).



3- منطوق القرار( operative part): غالبا ما يبدأ بالفعل فى زمن المضارع وأحيانا فى الماضي. والذى يحدد نوع الفاعل فيه الترويسة.



4- يراعى استخدام الشهور السريانية وتوضع قبل الميلادية ويراعى أيضا استخدام الأرقام الرومانية.
5- يراعى استخدام الإختصارات وترجمتها إلى العربية بشكلها الكامل.

The United Nations

Human Rights Conventions and Treaties:

Process of Creation, Limiting the Effect of Conventions, Conventions Important to Human Rights, and Mechanisms of Enforcement



This presentation will:

Define a treaty or convention.

Explain the process of creating a UN convention.

Explain how countries limit the applicability of some conventions and treaties through derogations, reservations and limitations.

Highlight six UN conventions important to human rights.

Explain the UN’s enforcement agencies and measures to ensure the appropriate application of conventions





Definition of Treaty or Convention:



Treaty” and “convention” are interchangeable terms for a legally binding document of international law.

Unlike declarations such as the UDHR, UN conventions and treaties create binding and enforceable law to the signing states.





Process of Creating a Treaty or Convention:



Working groups draft a treaty and propose it to the General Assembly.

The UN General Assembly adopts the treaty and proposes it to member states for signatures.

Member states sign and ratify the treaty or may also object to the treaty.

The treaty enters into force





First Step: Drafting of the Convention



-Working Groups are formed, comprised of representatives from member states as well as from nongovernmental organizations.

-These Groups conduct studies, receive recommendations from international organizations and state members on specific issues.

-With this information, the Groups draft a treaty or convention to propose to the UN General Assembly for adoption.





Second Step: UN General Assembly Adopts the Treaty

-Once the treaty or convention has been proposed by Working Groups, the General Assembly holds a vote amongst the member states for adoption of the treaty.

-Adoption of a treaty or convention requires a two-thirds majority vote.

-In contrast, lesser decisions of the General Assembly usually require only a majority vote.





Third Step: State Involvement
Signature and Ratification of the Treaty

-Member states sign and then ratify a treaty.

-A signature alone is still subject to ratification, giving the signing state signatory status only. A signature is not legally binding until the treaty is ratified. Signatures merely declare that the state agrees with the principles of the treaty or convention.

-Ratification by a state indicates their consent to be legally bound to the terms of that treaty.

-In the United States, the President signs a treaty and only Congress may ratify a treaty.

-The time gap between signing and ratification can be many years, thereby delaying enforcement of the treaty on a particular state.





State Objection to a Treaty

-However, any state may object to a treaty.

-This is a formal declaration of objection to the treaty, having significance beyond merely not signing that treaty.

-A declaration of objection has the effect of putting all other countries on notice that this state does not intend for the treaty to have any legal effect between them and another country.

-Objections may also be made to other states’ reservations, such that the objecting state does not intend to honor that particular reservation.





Last Step: Entry into Force

-The treaty’s provisions specify when the treaty is to enter into force.

-Included in the provisions is either a specific date for the treaty to take effect OR that the treaty is to take effect upon certain conditions being met.

-Finally, the treaty will come into legal force for all the ratifying countries according to the guidelines set forth in its provisions.

-Ratifications are allowed so long as they are not incompatible with the "object and purpose" of the treaty.